1. Fill in the blanks (Any Six) – Bodo
(a) The
programme suggested in National Policy on Education, 1986 for improvement of
primary education:
Operation Blackboard
(नॅशनल पॉलिसी ऑन एज्युकेशन 1986 आरो प्राइमरी एज्युकेशन सुधाराय “Operation Blackboard”)
(b) The
first open University established by Central Government of India:
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
(भारत सरकार आरो प्रथोम ओपन यूनिवर्सिटी - इंदिरा गांधी नेशनल ओपन
यूनिवर्सिटी)
(c) World
Population Day is observed on:
11th July
(दुनियॉ आबादी दिवस 11 जुलाई)
(d) Learning
by insight is the contribution of the Gestalt school of Psychology.
(Insight द्वारा सोलोनाय Gestalt साइकोलॉजी स्कूल आरो योगदान)
(e) When
time gap is long between learning and remembering then it is known as:
Long-term memory
(दीर्घकालिक स्मृति)
(f) The
Latin root of the word “Interest” means:
To stretch or to engage
(“Interest” शब्द बोडो लेटिन गुदि अर्थ - फैलाय या लगाय)
(g) _____ is
the measure of central tendency which occurs most frequently:
Mode
(सबसे बेसी बार होमोन आकृति – Mode)
2. Short answer in one sentence (Any Six) – Bodo
(h) Which
commission suggested 11 years of secondary education in Assam?
Mohan Commission / Indian Education Commission 1964-66
(आसाम 11 बर्सेर
सेकेंडरी एज्युकेशन सुझाय मोहान कमीशन / इंडियन एज्युकेशन कमीशन 1964-66)
(i) Who
named distance education as “telemetric teaching”?
Charles Wedemeyer
(दूरी शिक्षा “टेलिमेट्रिक टीचिंग” नामारि - चार्ल्स वेडेमेयर)
(j)
Psychologist who believed that memory can be improved through practice:
Ebbinghaus
(स्मृति अभ्यास द्वारा सुधार होबो बिस्वास करा साइकोलॉजिस्ट -
एबिंगहाउस)
(k) In which
year Stockholm conference was held?
1972
(स्टॉकहोम कॉन्फ्रेंस 1972 बर्सेर होबो)
(l) Mention
one social quality of a mentally healthy person:
Cooperation / सामाजिक सहयोग
(मानसिक रूपे स्वस्थ मानुसारि एक समाजारि गुण - सहयोग)
(m) Formula for determining median from group data:
Median=L+N2−CFf⋅h\text{Median} = L + \frac{\frac{N}{2} - CF}{f} \cdot hMedian=L+f2N−CF⋅h
Where:
- L=L =L= Lower boundary of median class
- N=N =N= Total frequency
- CF=CF =CF= Cumulative frequency before median class
- f=f =f= Frequency of median class
- h=h =h= Class width
(ग्रुप डेटा आरो Median निश्चय करिबा फार्मुला)
(n)
“Learning is both acquisition and retention of habit, knowledge and attitude”.
Who said this statement?
Edwin B. Holt
(“गियान आरो आदत,
ज्ञान
आरो दृष्टिकोण बरखाय राखो आरो सोलोनाय हो” – एडविन बी. होल्ट)
i. What does
it mean by vocationalization of Education?
It means integrating practical skills and job-oriented training into the
education system to prepare students for employment.
जिठ
यहानि सोलोंथाइनि ओंथिया मा, फारायसालियाव काम आरो नोकरीखौ थाखाय होनो थाखाय
फोर।
ii. Write two defects of secondary education as pointed out by Mudaliar Commission.
1. Curriculum is too academic and theoretical.
2. Insufficient focus on vocational training.
3. पाठ्यक्रम केवल सैद्धांतिक आरो किताबखौ हो।
4. कामकाजक प्रशिक्षण कम हो।
iii. Mention two objectives of correspondence education.
1. Provide education to remote learners.
2. Enable flexible learning schedules.
3. दुर्गम ठाउंखौ सोलोंथाइनि फोर।
4. लचीलाय सोलोंथाइनि समय दे।
iv. What
measures we can take for imparting value education in school?
Organize moral stories, role plays, discussions, and celebrate ethical days.
नीतिपूर्ण
गोथाखौ, नाटक, बिशय चर्चा आरो नीतिपूर्ण दिन मान।
v. What is
population education?
It is education about population issues, family planning, and responsible
citizenship.
सुर्बु
अनजिमा, परिवार
योजना आरो जिम्मेदार नागरिकता माखौ सोलोंथाइ।
vi. Write two relationship between learning and maturation.
1. Maturation enhances learning ability.
2. Learning can influence biological and social growth.
3. रानायनि सोलोनाइ सुधाराय।
4. सोलोनाइ जैविक आरो समाजिक विकास फराय।
vii.
Distinguish between true memory and habit memory.
True memory recalls facts consciously; habit memory is automatic repetition
without conscious effort.
नंगुबै
बिसम्बि सचेत होयाय। बिसम्बिनि (habit) स्वाभाविक आरो बारम्बार हो।
viii.
“Attention is a selective process.” – Discuss
Attention focuses on important stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones, allowing
efficient mental processing.
गोसो
होनाया मोनसे महत्त्वपूर्ण चीजबि फोर, अप्रासंगिक चीजबि अनदेखी फोर।
ix. Mention two parts of Law of exercise of learning.
1. Practice strengthens learning.
2. Repetition reinforces retention.
3. अभ्यास सोलोनाइ मजबूत फोर।
4. दोहराव याद रखाय फोर।
x. What is
the preventive function of mental hygiene?
It prevents mental illness by promoting healthy habits, stress management, and
emotional balance.
मेलेमाआरि
बिगियान रोकाय, स्वस्थ
आदत, तनाव
नियन्त्रन आरो भावनात्मक संतुलन फोर।
xi. What is
retro-active inhibition?
It is when new learning interferes with the recall of previously learned
information.
आगुनां
सोलोनाइ पुरुनि ज्ञान याद रखाय बाधा फोर।
xii. Mention two characteristics of interest.
1. Increases attention and motivation.
2. Sustains persistent effort in learning.
3. ध्यान आरो प्रेरणा बढ़ाय।
4. सोलोनाइ निरंतर प्रयास बनाए।
xiii. What
is mental hygiene?
It is the science and practice of maintaining mental health and preventing
psychological disorders.
मेलेमाआरि
बिगियान, मानसिक
स्वास्थ्य रखाय आरो रोग रोकाय माखौ।
xiv. Write two merits of Quartile Deviation.
1. Resistant to extreme values.
2. Shows data dispersion effectively.
3. चरम मान सं सुरक्षित।
4. डेटा फैलाव सही ढंग फोर।
xv. Find
mean and median from the following data: 21, 41, 57, 38, 61, 30, 25, 50, 31, 70
Mean = (21+41+57+38+61+30+25+50+31+70)/10 = 42.4
Median (arranged: 21,25,30,31,38,41,50,57,61,70) = (38+41)/2 = 39.5
Mean = 42.4
Median = 39.5
a) Aims of education as highlighted by Kothari Commission
English:
The Kothari Commission (1964–66) laid down the main aims of education to
transform India into a modern, scientific, and democratic nation. The aims
include:
1. Development of Personality: Education should help students develop their intellectual, emotional, moral, and social aspects, leading to an all-round personality.
2. Acquisition of Knowledge: Education should enable students to acquire knowledge about science, culture, society, and values.
3. Skill Development: Education should equip students with practical and vocational skills necessary for self-reliance and employment.
4. Social and Moral Values: Education should cultivate values like honesty, tolerance, justice, and social responsibility.
5. Preparation for Citizenship: Education should prepare individuals to actively participate in democratic processes and contribute to national development.
The commission emphasized that education must foster creativity, critical thinking, and lifelong learning while promoting national integration and scientific temper.
Bodo:
क'थारी आयगआ (1964–66) नोजोर होनाय बादियै सायाव सोलोंथाइनि
जिउ खुनाय भारत मोजोरि आधुनिक, वैज्ञानिक आरि लोकतांत्रिक राष्ट्र होनाय
रूपांतरण। सोलोंथाइनि सायाव आरो:
1. आखुथायफोरनि मोजोरि विकास: पढाइ थांखाय छात्रारि बौद्धिक, भावनात्मक, नैतिक आरि सामाजिक पक्ष विकास।
2. ज्ञान अर्जन: विज्ञान, संस्कृति, समाज आरि मूल्य मोजोरि ज्ञान प्राप्ति।
3. काजो मोनाफोरनि: छात्रारि आत्मनिर्भर आरि रोजगार होनाय काजो मोनाफोरनि।
4. समाजिक आरि नैतिक मूल्य: ईमानदारी, सहिष्णुता, न्याय आरि सामाजिक जिम्मेदारी।
5. नागरिकता तायारी: लोकतांत्रिक प्रक्रिया मोजोरि सक्रिय भागीदारी आरि राष्ट्रीय विकास मोजोरि योगदान।
सोलोंथाइनि सिखाय सृजनात्मकता, आलोचनात्मक सोच आरि जिवन-मोजोरि सिखाय गोनाय प्रोत्साहित।
b) Objectives of non-formal education
English:
Non-formal education is flexible education outside formal schooling. Its
objectives include:
1. Education for All: To provide learning opportunities for children and adults who cannot attend formal schools.
2. Literacy and Numeracy: To improve reading, writing, and basic arithmetic skills among the population.
3. Vocational Skills: To teach practical skills such as agriculture, handicrafts, or trades for self-employment.
4. Community and Social Development: To raise awareness about health, hygiene, social issues, and community participation.
Non-formal education emphasizes learning in context, often using local culture and community resources to make education more relevant.
Bodo:
गोरानडै
आखुथायफोरनि फॉर्मल स्कूलाबा बाहिरि लचीला सिखाय। मोनत्रै थांखिफोरखौ:
1. सर्व शिक्षा: फॉर्मल स्कूल नखुनाय बाल-बृद्दा खुनाय अवसर प्रदान।
2. पढाइ-लेखाइ सुधार: जनसमूह मोजोरि पढाइ, लेखाइ आरि गणित कौशल विकास।
3. पेशागत काजो मोनाफोरनि: कृषि, हस्तकला आरि पेशागत काजो सिखाय आत्मनिर्भरता।
4. समुदाय आरि सामाजिक विकास: स्वास्थ्य, स्वच्छता, सामाजिक समस्या आरि समुदाय सहभागिता सिखाय।
सोलोंथाइनि सिखाय स्थानीय संस्कृति आरि संसाधन मोजोरि आधारित।
c) Principles of environmental education
English:
Environmental education aims to create awareness and understanding of
environmental issues. Its principles include:
1. Awareness: Understanding the significance of environmental protection.
2. Knowledge: Learning the relationships between humans and nature, ecosystems, and resources.
3. Attitude Development: Fostering concern, responsibility, and positive feelings toward the environment.
4. Skills: Teaching practical skills for conservation, sustainable living, and problem-solving.
5. Participation: Encouraging students to take part in community and global environmental activities.
Bodo:
आबहावायारि
आखुथायफोरनि वातावरण समस्या सों जागरुकता आरि समझ विकास। थांखिफोरखौ:
1. जागरुकता: वातावरण संरक्षण मोजोरि महत्व बुझो।
2. ज्ञान: मानुस-प्रकृति, पारिस्थितिकी आरि संसाधन मोजोरि सम्बन्ध।
3. दृष्टिकोण विकास: वातावरण प्रति चिंता, जिम्मेदारी आरि सकारात्मक भावना।
4. कौशल: संरक्षण आरि टिकाउ जिउ खुनाय कौशल।
5. भागीदारी: समुदाय आरि वैश्विक पर्यावरण गतिविधि मोजोरि सहभागिता।
d) Educational implications of learning by conditioning
English:
Learning through conditioning, as per behaviorist theory, has educational
implications:
1. Reinforcement Strengthens Learning: Positive reinforcement encourages repetition of correct behavior.
2. Gradual Shaping of Behavior: Complex skills can be taught step by step using successive approximations.
3. Use of Stimuli: Rewards and punishments guide behavior and learning.
4. Formation of Habits: Repeated practice helps establish good habits.
5. Motivation: Conditioning increases learner motivation through tangible or emotional incentives.
Bodo:
कंडिशनिंग
मोजोरि सिखाय, बिहेभियरिस्ट
सिधान्तानुसार:
1. प्रोत्साहन सिखाय मजबूती।
2. बर्ताव धीरे-धीरे रूपांतरण।
3. उत्तेजना उपयोग: पुरस्कार आरि दंड।
4. आदत निर्माण: अभ्यास बार-बार।
5. प्रेरणा: भौतिक आरि भावनात्मक प्रोत्साहन।
e) Characteristics of memory
English:
Memory is the ability to store, retain, and recall information. Its main
characteristics include:
1. Retention: Memory enables individuals to retain experiences, knowledge, and skills over time.
2. Recall: It allows us to bring stored information into conscious awareness when needed.
3. Recognition: Memory helps in identifying previously experienced events or learned information.
4. Reconstruction: Even if some details are forgotten, memory can reconstruct or infer information based on cues.
5. Duration: Memory can be short-term (seconds to minutes) or long-term (days, years, or a lifetime).
6. Capacity: Memory has limits, but repeated practice or reinforcement can increase retention.
Bodo:
मोनत्रै
हाजोरि आखुथायफोरनि क्षमता,
जानकारी
राखो आरि याद करिबा। थांखिफोरखौ:
1. रखो ताकत: अनुभव, ज्ञान आरि कौशल समय मोजोरि राखिबा।
2. याद करिबा: आवश्यकता होनाय जानकारी सचेत रूप सों वापर।
3. चिनिबा: पहिले अनुभव आरि सिखाय जानकारी पहचान।
4. पुनर्निर्माण: भूलाय विवरण सों संकेत मोजोरि पुनर्निर्माण।
5. अवधि: अल्पकालिक (सेकंड–मिनट) आरि दीर्घकालिक (दिन, वर्ष, जीवन)।
6. क्षमता: सीमित, पुनरावृत्ति आरि अभ्यास सों सुधार।
f) Physical causes of forgetting
English:
Forgetting can often be caused by physical or biological factors affecting the
brain. Major causes include:
1. Brain Injury or Damage: Trauma, accidents, or disease can impair memory functions.
2. Fatigue or Sleep Deprivation: Lack of sleep reduces the brain’s ability to consolidate memories.
3. Poor Nutrition: Deficiency in vitamins and minerals affects cognitive functions.
4. Aging: Natural aging leads to slower neural processing and memory decline.
5. Illnesses: Conditions like fever, infections, or neurological disorders can cause temporary or permanent forgetting.
Bodo:
भूलाय
अक्सर देहायारि कारण सों होइ। थांखिफोरखौ:
1. मस्तिष्क चोट: दुर्घटना, रोग, चोट।
2. थाकान आरि निद्रा अभाव: नींद कमी मस्तिष्क क्षमतारि कमी।
3. पोषण कमी: विटामिन आरि खनिज कमी।
4. वृद्धावस्था: मस्तिष्क कोशिका धीमी कार्य।
5. रोग: बुखार, संक्रमण, तंत्रिका रोग।
g) Innate interest vs acquired interest
English:
Interest motivates learning and activity.
- Innate Interest: This is the natural curiosity or inclination present from birth. For example, children naturally enjoy exploring, observing, and asking questions.
- Acquired Interest: This develops through experience, education, or environmental exposure. For instance, a student may develop interest in science after attending experiments or reading books.
Innate interest provides the foundation for learning, while acquired interest helps in deepening knowledge and skill development.
Bodo:
रुचि
सिखाय आरि काजो मोनाफोरनि प्रेरणा।
- जोनोमारि गोसो: जन्म सों निस्सर्गिक जिज्ञासा। बच्चा प्रकृति खोजो आरि सवाल पूछो।
- आरजिनाय गोसो: अनुभव, शिक्षा आरि पर्यावरण सों विकसित। उदाहरण, विज्ञान किताब पढो आरि प्रयोग देखाय।
जोनोमारि रुचि सिखाय आधार, आरजिनाय रुचि ज्ञान आरि कौशल विकास।
h) Characteristics of mentally healthy individual
English:
A mentally healthy person demonstrates balance, resilience, and positive
functioning:
1. Positive Outlook: Optimism and constructive attitude toward life’s challenges.
2. Emotional Stability: Ability to manage emotions appropriately and respond calmly.
3. Social Skills: Good relationships, empathy, and cooperation with others.
4. Adaptability: Flexibility in coping with stress, change, and uncertainty.
5. Self-awareness: Recognizes strengths and weaknesses, seeks improvement.
6. Productivity: Ability to work effectively and contribute meaningfully to society.
Bodo:
मेलेमारि
(गोसोआरि) महरायारि आखुथायफोरनि:
1. सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण: जीवन चुनौती प्रति आशावादी।
2. भावनात्मक स्थिरता: भावनाय सही मोजोरि नियंत्रित।
3. समाजिक कौशल: भल सम्बन्ध, सहानुभूति आरि सहयोग।
4. अनुकूलता: तनाव आरि परिवर्तन सों सामना।
5. आत्म-जागरुकता: ताकत आरि कमजोरी बुझो, सुधार चाहो।
6. उत्पादकता: प्रभावी काजो आरि समाज योगदान।
i) Importance of mental hygiene for healthy living
English:
Mental hygiene refers to practices that maintain and improve mental health. Its
importance includes:
1. Emotional Balance: Reduces stress, anxiety, and negative emotions.
2. Better Relationships: Promotes understanding, tolerance, and cooperation.
3. Enhanced Productivity: Improves concentration, learning, and work efficiency.
4. Prevention of Mental Disorders: Maintains psychological well-being and prevents issues like depression or anxiety.
5. Overall Well-being: Supports physical health and a fulfilling life.
Bodo:
गोसोआरि
मानसिक स्वच्छता जिउ खुनाय मानसिक स्वास्थ्य सुरक्षित। महत्व:
1. भावनात्मक संतुलन: तनाव, चिंता आरि नकारात्मक भावना कम।
2. सम्बन्ध सुधार: समझ, सहिष्णुता आरि सहयोग।
3. उत्पादकता: ध्यान, सिखाय आरि काम क्षमता सुधार।
4. रोग रोकथाम: मानसिक स्वास्थ्य सुरक्षित, अवसाद आरि चिंता रोक।
5. समग्र भलाइ: शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य आरि संतोषजनक जीवन।
j) What is
frequency polygon? Draw a frequency polygon from the following table.
गले-गलेथा
आखान्थिबां खारखोलुं माखौ बुझे ? फारिलाइनिफ्राय मोनसे गले-गलेथा आखान्थिबां
खारखोलुंनि सावगारि आखि।